About the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS)
What is the Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale?
The Hypersensitive Narcissism Scale (HSNS) is a psychological measurement tool developed by Hendin and Cheek in 1997 to assess covert narcissistic traits in individuals. Unlike traditional narcissism scales, the HSNS focuses on the "covert" or "sensitive" aspects of narcissism rather than more obvious narcissistic displays.
What does the HSNS measure?
The HSNS primarily measures the following aspects:
- Sensitivity to criticism
- Self-focus and self-absorption
- Sensitivity to others' evaluations
- Self-centered thinking patterns
- Concern with self-image in social interactions
Differences between Covert and Overt Narcissism
Narcissism is typically categorized into two types: overt narcissism and covert narcissism.
- Overt Narcissism: Characterized by obvious traits such as boasting, attention-seeking, lack of empathy, and grandiosity.
- Covert Narcissism: Characterized by more hidden traits such as hypersensitivity to criticism, internal sense of self-importance, social anxiety, and the coexistence of self-doubt and self-focus.
Research Background of the HSNS
The development of the HSNS was based on a more comprehensive understanding of narcissism, recognizing that narcissism is not only expressed as outward grandiosity but can also manifest as inward sensitivity and vulnerability. Research has shown that covert narcissism is associated with various mental health issues, including depression, anxiety, and interpersonal difficulties.
How to Interpret HSNS Scores
HSNS scores range from 10 to 50, with higher scores indicating more pronounced covert narcissistic traits. According to research, the average score for American college students is approximately 29.4. However, it's important to note that this test is a self-report tool and should be used in conjunction with other assessment methods for a more comprehensive understanding.
Impact of Narcissistic Traits
Impact on Interpersonal Relationships
Narcissistic traits can have various effects on interpersonal relationships:
- Difficulty establishing deep emotional connections
- Lack of sensitivity to partners' needs and feelings
- Potential for controlling or manipulative behavior in relationships
- Overreaction to criticism, potentially leading to escalated conflicts
- Excessive need for validation and recognition in relationships
Narcissism and Mental Health
Narcissistic traits are associated with various mental health issues, including:
- Depression and anxiety
- Emotional regulation difficulties
- Fluctuating self-esteem
- Reduced ability to cope with criticism and failure
- Social anxiety and avoidant behavior
How to Address Narcissistic Tendencies
If you find that you have higher narcissistic tendencies, the following strategies may be helpful:
- Develop self-awareness: Recognize your own thought patterns and behavior, especially in social interactions.
- Cultivate empathy: Consciously try to understand and care about others' feelings and needs.
- Seek professional help: Psychotherapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy, can help address narcissistic traits.
- Build healthy self-esteem: Based on genuine achievements and qualities rather than external validation or comparisons.
- Practice accepting criticism: Learn to view criticism as an opportunity for growth rather than a threat to self-worth.
References
- Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997). Assessing hypersensitive narcissism: A reexamination of Murray's Narcissism Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31(4), 588-599. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1997.2204
- Miller, J. D., & Campbell, W. K. (2008). Comparing clinical and social-personality conceptualizations of narcissism. Journal of Personality, 76(3), 449-476. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00492.x
- Pincus, A. L., & Lukowitsky, M. R. (2010). Pathological narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 421-446. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131215